![]() ![]() “Looting” here refers to the illicit removal of artifacts from cultural and/or archaeological sites, including places of worship, active dig sites, and previously undisturbed sites. Papyrus artifacts primarily originate from Egypt and spread throughout the ancient civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean and into the Middle East, areas which have historically been the site of extensive colonial conflict and subsequent looting. The sheer age of many ancient papyrus objects can mean thousands of years of time that needs to be accounted for, during which time the object may have been buried at an archaeological site, or have changed hands many times. Papyrus artifacts pose a challenge to provenance investigators due to several factors. This is especially pertinent in the case of ancient and/or archaeological artifacts, due to the thriving market in antiquities that results in illegal excavations, looting of archaeological sites, illicit international trafficking, theft, and forgery. Gaps in the chain, whether through missing documentation, opacity of sales, or lack of archaeological findspot, can indicate larger issues with the authenticity or licit status of the object. ![]() all the way up to the current owner or seller. A well-documented provenance should behave much like a “chain of custody” in the case of ancient artifacts, this includes clear evidence of documented archaeological discovery, acquisition, sales, subsequent purchases, etc. It is instrumental in establishing how and when an object changed hands throughout its life, which makes provenance a key resource for authentication purposes. The Importance of Provenance Īn object’s “provenance” refers to an object’s history of ownership from the point of its creation and/or archaeological discovery through to its present day owner. 4.2 Consolidation, cleaning, and repair.Herodotus writes, that Egyptian physicians were specialized, which seems to be confirmed by The Ebers Papyrus. The owner of this papyrus was probably a physician - the text mentions about "physician secrets". They are, however, often varied and disorganised. ALmost all of those groups have introduction by the formula: "Here begins." used on 36 occasions. The text of The Ebers Papyrus is ordered in series of prescriptions, which are grouped according to different diseases, illnesses and injuries. In the opinion of Grundriss, chaotic arrangement of medical advices in papyrus suggest different originals from which they drew. This papyrus was published and translated by different researches (the most valuable is German edition Grundriss de Medizin de alten ägypter, and based on this Paul Ghalioungui edition). I is dated at the reign of Amenophis I (1536 B.C.). The Ebers Papyrus is a scroll 20,23 meters in length and contains 108 columns of text. The first medical papyrus was published by Georg Ebers in 1875. In 19th century egyptologist began finding Egyptian papyri, whose contents concerned medical matters. In traditional view the role of Hippocrates and the Greeks was emphasized. Despite this and records of other ancient authors, for long time the opinion about the history of medicine was not changed. of which last six contained medical knowledge. Clemens Alexanrinus was sure, that the Egyptians collected all their knowledge in 42 secret books.
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